This section describes the concepts of variables in processes. Variables can be used to add data to process runtime state or, more particular, variable scopes. Various API methods that change the state of these entities allow updating of the attached variables. In general, a variable consists of a name and a value. The name is used for identification across process constructs. For example, if one activity sets a variable named var, a follow-up activity can access it by using this name. The value of a variable is a Java object.

Variable Scopes and Variable Visibility

All entities that can have variables are called variable scopes. These are executions (which include process instances) and tasks. As described in the Concepts section, the runtime state of a process instance is represented by a tree of executions. Consider the following process model where the red dots mark active tasks:

The runtime structure of this process is as follows:

There is a process instance with two child executions, each of which has created a task. All these five entities are variable scopes and the arrows mark a parent-child relationship. A variable that is defined on a parent scope is accessible in every child scope unless a child scope defines a variable of the same name. The other way around, child variables are not accessible from a parent scope. Variables that are directly attached to the scope in question are called local variables. Consider the following assignment of variables to scopes:

In this case, when working on Task 1 the variables worker and customer are accessible. Note that due to the structure of scopes, the variable worker can be defined twice, so that Task 1 accesses a different worker variable than Task 2. However, both share the variable customer which means that if that variable is updated by one of the tasks, this change is also visible to the other.

Both tasks can access two variables each while none of these is a local variable. All three executions have one local variable each.

Now let’s say, we set a local variable customer on Task 1:

While two variables named customer and worker can still be accessed from Task 1, the customer variable on Execution 1 is hidden, so the accessible customer variable is the local variable of Task 1.

In general, variables are accessible in the following cases:

• Instantiating processes
• Delivering messages
• Task lifecycle transitions, such as completion or resolution
• Setting/getting variables from outside
• Setting/getting variables in a Delegate
• Expressions in the process model
• Scripts in the process model
• (Historic) Variable queries

Set and Retrieve Variables - Overview

To set and retrieve variables, the process engine offers a Java API that allows setting of variables from Java objects and retrieving them in the same form. Internally, the engine persists variables to the database and therefore applies serialization. For most applications, this is a detail of no concern. However, sometimes, when working with custom Java classes, the serialized value of a variable is of interest. Imagine the case of a monitoring application that manages many process applications. It is decoupled from those applications’ classes and therefore cannot access custom variables in their Java representation. For these cases, the process engine offers a way to retrieve and manipulate the serialized value. This boils down to two APIs:

• Java Object Value API: Variables are represented as Java objects. These objects can be directly set as values and retrieved in the same form. This is the more simple API and is the recommended way when implementing code as part of a process application.
• Typed Value API: Variable values are wrapped in so-called typed values that are used to set and retrieve variables. A typed value offers access to metadata such as the way the engine has serialized the variable and, depending on the type, the serialized representation of the variable. Metadata also contains an information whether a variable is transient or not.

As an example, the following code retrieves and sets two integer variables using both APIs:

// Java Object API: Get Variable
Integer val1 = (Integer) execution.getVariable("val1");

// Typed Value API: Get Variable
IntegerValue typedVal2 = execution.getVariableTyped("val2");
Integer val2 = typedVal2.getValue();

Integer diff = val1 - val2;

// Java Object API: Set Variable
execution.setVariable("diff", diff);

// Typed Value API: Set Variable
IntegerValue typedDiff = Variables.integerValue(diff);
execution.setVariable("diff", typedDiff);

The specifics of this code are described in more detail in the sections on the Java Object Value API and the Typed Value API.

Setting variables to specific scope

There is a possibility to set variables into specific scope from scripts, input\output mapping, listeners and service tasks. Implementation of this functionality is using activity id in order to identify destination scope and will throw an exception if no scope is located to set a variable. Additionally, once target scope is found, variable will be set locally in it, which means that propagation to the parent scope will not be executed even if destination scope does not have a variable with given id.

Here is example usage with script executionListener:

<camunda:executionListener event="end">
        <camunda:script scriptFormat="groovy"><![CDATA[execution.setVariable("aVariable", "aValue","aSubProcess");]]></camunda:script>
</camunda:executionListener>

Another usage example would be input\output mapping using DelegateVariableMapping implementation

public class SetVariableToScopeMappingDelegate implements DelegateVariableMapping {
  @Override
  public void mapInputVariables(DelegateExecution superExecution, VariableMap subVariables) {
  }

  @Override
  public void mapOutputVariables(DelegateExecution superExecution, VariableScope subInstance) {
    superExecution.setVariable("aVariable","aValue","aSubProcess");
  }
}

here variable will be set locally in “aSubProcess” and not propagated to the parent scope even if variable was not set beforehand locally in “aSubProcess”.

Supported Variable Values

The process engine supports the following variable value types:

Depending on the actual value of a variable, a different type is assigned. Out of the available types, there are nine primitive value types, meaning that they store values of simple standard JDK classes without additional metadata:

• boolean: Instances of java.lang.Boolean
• bytes: Instances of byte[]
• short: Instances of java.lang.Short
• integer: Instances of java.lang.Integer
• long: Instances of java.lang.Long
• double: Instances of java.lang.Double
• date: Instances of java.util.Date
• string: Instances of java.lang.String
• null: null references

Primitive values differ from other variable values in that they can be used in API queries such as process instance queries as filtering conditions.

The type file can be used to store the contents of a file or input stream along with metadata such as a file name, an encoding, and the MIME type the file contents correspond to.

The value type object represents custom Java objects. When such a variable is persisted, its value is serialized according to a serialization procedure. These procedures are configurable and exchangeable.

Process variables can be stored in formats like JSON and XML provided by the Camunda Spin plugin. Spin provides serializers for the variables of type object such that Java variables can be persisted in these formats to the database. Furthermore, it is possible to store JSON and XML documents directly as a Spin object by the value types xml and json. Opposed to plain string variables, Spin objects provide a fluent API to perform common operations on such documents like reading and writing properties.

Object Value Serialization

When an object value is passed to the process engine, a serialization format can be specified to tell the process engine to store the value in a specific format. Based on this format, the engine looks up a serializer. The serializer is able to serialize a Java object to the specified format and deserialize it from a representation in that format. That means, there may be different serializers for different formats and it is possible to implement custom serializers in order to store custom objects in a specific format.

The process engine ships one built-in object serializer for the format application/x-java-serialized-object. It is able to serialize Java objects that implement the interface java.io.Serializable and applies standard Java object serialization.

The desired serialization format can be specified when setting a variable using the Typed Value API:

CustomerData customerData = new CustomerData();

ObjectValue customerDataValue = Variables.objectValue(customerData)
  .serializationDataFormat(Variables.SerializationDataFormats.JAVA)
  .create();

execution.setVariable("someVariable", customerDataValue);

On top of that, the process engine configuration has an option defaultSerializationFormat that is used when no specific format is requested. This option defaults to application/x-java-serialized-object.

Java Object API

The most convenient way of working with process variables from Java is to use their Java object representation. Wherever the process engine offers variable access, process variables can be accessed in this representation given that for custom objects the engine is aware of the involved classes. For example, the following code sets and retrieves a variable for a given process instance:

com.example.Order order = new com.example.Order();
runtimeService.setVariable(execution.getId(), "order", order);

com.example.Order retrievedOrder = (com.example.Order) runtimeService.getVariable(execution.getId(), "order");

Note that this code sets a variable at the highest possible point in the hierarchy of variable scopes. This means, if the variable is already present (whether in this execution or any of its parent scopes), it is updated. If the variable is not yet present, it is created in the highest scope, i.e. the process instance. If a variable is supposed to be set exactly on the provided execution, the local methods can be used. For example:

com.example.Order order = new com.example.Order();
runtimeService.setVariableLocal(execution.getId(), "order", order);

com.example.Order retrievedOrder = (com.example.Order) runtimeService.getVariable(execution.getId(), "order");
com.example.Order retrievedOrder = (com.example.Order) runtimeService.getVariableLocal(execution.getId(), "order");
// both methods return the variable

Whenever a variable is set in its Java representation, the process engine automatically determines a suitable value serializer or raises an exception if the provided value cannot be serialized.

Typed Value API

In cases in which it is important to access a variable’s serialized representation or in which the engine has to be hinted to serialize a value in a certain format, the typed-value-based API can be used. In comparison to the Java-Object-based API, it wraps a variable value in a so-called Typed Value. Such a typed value allows richer representation of variable values.

In order to easily construct typed values, CIB seven offers the class org.camunda.bpm.engine.variable.Variables. This class contains static methods that allow creation of single typed values as well as creation of a map of typed values in a fluent way.

Primitive Values

The following code sets a single String variable by specifying it as a typed value:

StringValue typedStringValue = Variables.stringValue("a string value");
runtimeService.setVariable(execution.getId(), "stringVariable", typedStringValue);

StringValue retrievedTypedStringValue = runtimeService.getVariableTyped(execution.getId(), "stringVariable");
String stringValue = retrievedTypedStringValue.getValue(); // equals "a string value"

Note that with this API, there is one more level of abstraction around the variable value. Thus, in order to access the true value, it is necessary to unwrap the actual value.

File Values

Of course, for plain String values, the Java-Object-based API is more concise. Let us therefore consider values of richer data structures.

Files can be persisted as BLOBs in the database. The file value type allows to store additional metadata such as a file name and a mime type along with it. The following example code creates a file value from a text file:

FileValue typedFileValue = Variables
  .fileValue("addresses.txt")
  .file(new File("path/to/the/file.txt"))
  .mimeType("text/plain")
  .encoding("UTF-8")
  .create();
runtimeService.setVariable(execution.getId(), "fileVariable", typedFileValue);

FileValue retrievedTypedFileValue = runtimeService.getVariableTyped(execution.getId(), "fileVariable");
InputStream fileContent = retrievedTypedFileValue.getValue(); // a byte stream of the file contents
String fileName = retrievedTypedFileValue.getFilename(); // equals "addresses.txt"
String mimeType = retrievedTypedFileValue.getMimeType(); // equals "text/plain"
String encoding = retrievedTypedFileValue.getEncoding(); // equals "UTF-8"

Changing a File Value

To change or update a file value, you have to create a new FileValue with the same name and the new content, because all typed values are immutable:

InputStream newContent = new FileInputStream("path/to/the/new/file.txt");
FileValue fileVariable = execution.getVariableTyped("addresses.txt");  
Variables.fileValue(fileVariable.getName()).file(newContent).encoding(fileVariable.getEncoding()).mimeType(fileVariable.getMimeType()).create();

Object Values

Custom Java objects can be serialized with the value type object. Example using the typed value API:

com.example.Order order = new com.example.Order();
ObjectValue typedObjectValue = Variables.objectValue(order).create();
runtimeService.setVariableLocal(execution.getId(), "order", typedObjectValue);

ObjectValue retrievedTypedObjectValue = runtimeService.getVariableTyped(execution.getId(), "order");
com.example.Order retrievedOrder = (com.example.Order) retrievedTypedObjectValue.getValue();

This again is equivalent to the Java-Object-based API. However, it is now possible to tell the engine which serialization format to use when persisting the value. For example:

ObjectValue typedObjectValue = Variables
  .objectValue(order)
  .serializationDataFormat(Variables.SerializationDataFormats.JAVA)
  .create();

creates a value that gets serialized by the engine’s built-in Java object serializer. Also, a retrieved ObjectValue instance provides additional variable details:

// returns true
boolean isDeserialized = retrievedTypedObjectValue.isDeserialized();

// returns the format used by the engine to serialize the value into the database
String serializationDataFormat = retrievedTypedObjectValue.getSerializationDateFormat();

// returns the serialized representation of the variable; the actual value depends on the serialization format used
String serializedValue = retrievedTypedObjectValue.getValueSerialized();

// returns the class com.example.Order
Class<com.example.Order> valueClass = retrievedTypedObjectValue.getObjectType();

// returns the String "com.example.Order"
String valueClassName = retrievedTypedObjectValue.getObjectTypeName();

The serialization details are useful when the calling application does not possess the classes of the actual variable value (i.e. com.example.Order is not known). In these cases, runtimeService.getVariableTyped(execution.getId(), "order") will raise an exception since it immediately tries to deserialize the variable value. In such a case, the invocation runtimeService.getVariableTyped(execution.getId(), "order", false) can be used. The additional boolean parameter tells the process engine to not attempt deserialization. In this case, the invocation isDeserialized() will return false and invocations like getValue() and getObjectType() will raise exceptions. Calling getValueSerialized() and getObjectTypeName() is a way to access the variable nonetheless.

Similarly, it is possible to set a variable from its serialized representation:

String serializedOrder = "...";
ObjectValue serializedValue =
  Variables
    .serializedObjectValue(serializedOrder)
    .serializationDataFormat(Variables.SerializationDataFormats.JAVA)
    .objectTypeName("com.example.Order")
    .create();

runtimeService.setVariableLocal(execution.getId(), "order", serializedValue);

ObjectValue retrievedTypedObjectValue = runtimeService.getVariableTyped(execution.getId(), "order");
com.example.Order retrievedOrder = (com.example.Order) retrievedTypedObjectValue.getValue();

JSON and XML Values

The Camunda Spin plugin provides an abstraction for JSON and XML documents that facilitate their processing and manipulation. This is often more convenient than storing such documents as plain string variables. See the documentation on Camunda SPIN for storing JSON documents and storing XML documents for details.

Transient variables

Declaration of transient variables is possible only through the typed-value-based API. They are not saved into the database and exist only during the current transaction. Every waiting state during an execution of a process instance leads to the loss of all transient variables. This happens typically when e.g. an external service is not currently available, an user task has been reached or the process execution is waiting for a message, a signal or a condition. Please use this feature carefully.

Variables of any type can be declared as transient using the Variables class and setting the parameter isTransient to true.

// primitive values
TypedValue typedTransientStringValue = Variables.stringValue("foobar", true);

// object value
com.example.Order order = new com.example.Order();
TypedValue typedTransientObjectValue = Variables.objectValue(order, true).create();

// file value
TypedValue typedTransientFileValue = Variables.fileValue("file.txt", true)
  .file(new File("path/to/the/file.txt"))
  .mimeType("text/plain")
  .encoding("UTF-8")
  .create();

Transient variables can be used via REST API, e.g. when starting a new process instance.

Set Multiple Typed Values

Similar to the Java-Object-based API, it is also possible to set multiple typed values in one API call. The Variables class offers a fluent API to construct a map of typed values:

com.example.Order order = new com.example.Order();

VariableMap variables =
  Variables.createVariables()
    .putValueTyped("order", Variables.objectValue(order).create())
    .putValueTyped("string", Variables.stringValue("a string value"))
    .putValueTyped("stringTransient", Variables.stringValue("foobar", true));
runtimeService.setVariablesLocal(execution.getId(), "order", variables);

Interchangeability of APIs

Both APIs offer different views on the same entities and can therefore be combined as is desired. For example, a variable that is set using the Java-Object-based API can be retrieved as a typed value and vice versa. As the class VariableMap implements the Map interface, it is also possible to put plain Java objects as well as typed values into this map.

Which API should you use? The one that fits your purpose best. When you are certain that you always have access to the involved value classes, such as when implementing code in a process application like a JavaDelegate, then the Java-Object-based API is easier to use. When you need to access value-specific metadata such as serialization formats or to define a variable as transient, then the Typed-Value-based API is the way to go.

Input/Output Variable Mapping

To improve the reusability of source code and business logic, CIB seven offers input/output mapping of process variables. This can be used for tasks, events and subprocesses.

In order to use the variable mapping, the Camunda extension element inputOutput has to be added to the element. It can contain multiple inputParameter and outputParameter elements that specify which variables should be mapped. The name attribute of an inputParameter denotes the variable name inside the activity (a local variable to be created), whereas the name attribute of an outputParameter denotes the variable name outside of the activity.

The content of an input/outputParameter specifies the value that is mapped to the corresponding variable. It can be a simple constant string or an expression. An empty body sets the variable to the value null.

<camunda:inputOutput>
  <camunda:inputParameter name="x">foo</camunda:inputParameter>
  <camunda:inputParameter name="willBeNull"/>
  <camunda:outputParameter name="y">${x}</camunda:outputParameter>
  <camunda:outputParameter name="z">${willBeNull == null}</camunda:outputParameter>
</camunda:inputOutput>

Even complex structures like lists and maps can be used. Both can also be nested.

<camunda:inputOutput>
  <camunda:inputParameter name="x">
    <camunda:list>
      <camunda:value>a</camunda:value>
      <camunda:value>${1 + 1}</camunda:value>
      <camunda:list>
        <camunda:value>1</camunda:value>
        <camunda:value>2</camunda:value>
        <camunda:value>3</camunda:value>
      </camunda:list>
    </camunda:list>
  </camunda:inputParameter>
  <camunda:outputParameter name="y">
    <camunda:map>
      <camunda:entry key="foo">bar</camunda:entry>
      <camunda:entry key="map">
        <camunda:map>
          <camunda:entry key="hello">world</camunda:entry>
          <camunda:entry key="camunda">bpm</camunda:entry>
        </camunda:map>
      </camunda:entry>
    </camunda:map>
  </camunda:outputParameter>
</camunda:inputOutput>

A script can also be used to provide the variable value. Please see the corresponding section in the scripting chapter for how to specify a script.

A simple example of the benefit of input/output mapping is a complex calculation which should be part of multiple processes definitions. This calculation can be developed as isolated delegation code or a script and be reused in every process, even though the processes use a different variable set. An input mapping is used to map the different process variables to the required input parameters of the complex calculation activity. Accordingly, an output mapping allows to utilize the calculation result in the further process execution.

In more detail, let us assume such a calculation is implemented by a Java Delegate class org.camunda.bpm.example.ComplexCalculation. This delegate requires a userId and a costSum variable as input parameters. It then calculates three values, pessimisticForecast, realisticForecast and optimisticForecast, which are different forecasts of the future costs a customer faces. In a first process, both input variables are available as process variables but with different names (id, sum). From the three results, the process only uses realisticForecast which it depends on by the name forecast in follow-up activities. A corresponding input/output mapping looks as follows:

<serviceTask camunda:class="org.camunda.bpm.example.ComplexCalculation">
  <extensionElements>
    <camunda:inputOutput>
      <camunda:inputParameter name="userId">${id}</camunda:inputParameter>
      <camunda:inputParameter name="costSum">${sum}</camunda:inputParameter>
      <camunda:outputParameter name="forecast">${realisticForecast}</camunda:outputParameter>
    </camunda:inputOutput>
  </extensionElements>
</serviceTask>

In a second process, let us assume the costSum variable has to be calculated from properties of three different maps. Also, the process depends on a variable avgForecast as the average value of the three forecasts. In this case, the mapping looks as follows:

<serviceTask camunda:class="org.camunda.bpm.example.ComplexCalculation">
  <extensionElements>
    <camunda:inputOutput>
      <camunda:inputParameter name="userId">${id}</camunda:inputParameter>
      <camunda:inputParameter name="costSum">
        ${mapA[costs] + mapB[costs] + mapC[costs]}
      </camunda:inputParameter>
      <camunda:outputParameter name="avgForecast">
        ${(pessimisticForecast + realisticForecast + optimisticForecast) / 3}
      </camunda:outputParameter>
    </camunda:inputOutput>
  </extensionElements>
</serviceTask>

Multi-instance IO Mapping

Input mappings can also be used with multi-instance constructs, in which the mapping is applied for every instance that is created. For example, for a multi-instance subprocess with five instances, the mapping is executed five times and the involved variables are created in each of the five subprocess scopes such that they can be accessed independently.

IO Mapping on canceled activities

If an Activity is canceled (e.g. due to throwing a BPMN error), IO mapping is still executed. This can lead to exceptions if the output mapping references variables that do not exist in the scope of the activity at that time.

The default behavior is that the engine still tries to execute output mappings on canceled activities and fails with an exception if a variable is not found. By enabling the skipOutputMappingOnCanceledActivities engine configuration flag (i.e. setting it to true) the engine will not perform output mappings on any canceled activity.